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Which of the following accurately describes an independent variable?

1. A factor that remains constant across experiments

2. A condition influencing the dependent variable

3. A measured reaction to the experimental condition

4. A variable that does not affect outcomes

The correct answer is: A condition influencing the dependent variable

An independent variable is a factor in an experiment that is systematically manipulated or changed to determine its impact on the dependent variable. In other words, it is the condition that influences the dependent variable, allowing researchers to observe and measure how changes in the independent variable affect the outcomes they are studying. This relationship is fundamental in experimental design, as it helps establish cause-and-effect dynamics. The other options do not accurately represent the concept of an independent variable. A constant factor across experiments pertains to control variables, which are essential for maintaining experimental integrity but are not categorized as independent variables. A measured reaction refers to the dependent variable itself, which is what researchers focus on measuring in response to changes in the independent variable. Lastly, a variable that does not affect outcomes does not fulfill the role of an independent variable, as its primary purpose is to induce observable changes in the dependent variable.